Cicavce
Najmenším našim cicavcom je piskor (Sorex minutus) s hmotnosťou iba
Kostra je dokonale kostenná, chrupavky a väzivá sa zachovávajú iba v minimálnom množstve. Cicavce majú vždy 7 krčných stavcov. Hrudných býva 12-15, bedrových 6, krížové
V koži sa nachádza množstvo potných, mazových a pachových žliaz. Potné žľazy majú termoregulačnú funkciu a chýbajú u psov, prasiec, zajacov a srncov. Mazové žľazy chýbajú veľrybám. Mliečne žľazy vznikli premenou potných žliaz. Typickým epidermálnym derivátom je srsť, ktorá sa pravidelne obmieňa. Vodné cicavce nemajú ochlpenie tela.
Tráviaca sústava začína priestrannou ústnou dutinou, ktorá je vybavená jazykom, ozubenými čeľusťami a ohraničenú lícami a svalnatými pyskami. Lícne časti ústnej dutiny napomáhajú žuvaniu potravy a u niektorých druhov nesú lícne vaky, v ktorých si živočích prenáša a uchováva potravu (napr. škrečok - Cricetus). Pri žuvaní potravy pomáhajú zuby štyroch typov: rezáky - dentes incisivi (I), očné zuby - dentes canini (C), predné stoličky (črenové zuby) - dentes premolares (P) a stoličky - dentes molares (M). Uvedené typy sa u jednotlivých skupín cicavcov vyvíjajú v rôznom počte a často môže niektorý typ chýbať.
Jazyk cicavcov je rôzneho tvaru. Ježura (Echidna) a mravčiare (Myrmecophagidae) sa živia lovením mravcov. Ich jazyk je preto dlhý, vysunuteľný a lepkavý. Mnohé ďalšie druhy majú jazyk nepohyblivý, prirastený, alebo majú jazyk, ktorý plní uchopovaciu funkciu. Do ústnej dutiny ústi niekoľko párov slinných žliaz. Produkcia slín býva u niektorých druhov značne vysoká (napr. hovädzí dobytok vyprodukuje až
Niektoré druhy majú žalúdok značne špecializovaný. Zvláštnu úpravu žalúdku majú prežúvavce (Ruminantia). Ich žalúdok je viackomorový a umožňuje im tráviť celulózu. Žalúdok prežúvavcov je rozlíšený na bachor (rumen), čepiec (reticulum), knihu (omasus) a slez (abomasus). Rastlinná potrava rozžutá v ústnej dutine sa dostáva do bachoru a čepca. Tam je za spoluúčasti symbiotických prvokov a baktérii natrávená. Takto natrávená sa vracia späť do úst, kde je opäť rozžutá a prehĺtaná do knihy a slezu. V sleze dochádza už k chemickému tráveniu. V žalúdku sa mení prijatá potrava na kašovitú hmotu - tráveninu (chýmus). Trávenina prechádza zo žalúdka do predného oddielu
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BITCOIN MONEY SEARCH SOFTWARE
(Lamarhick, 9. 2. 2024 17:18)